1、 Important concepts of Immunology
Antigen: substance that can cause immune response in the body.
Antibody: immunoglobulin that can specifically bind to the corresponding antigen.
Immunoglobulin: a globulin with antibody activity or chemical structure similar to that of an antibody.
Complement: a group of globulin, the content of which in serum is relatively stable and does not increase with vaccination.
2、 Immune system
1 immune organ
Central immune organ
Central immune organ is the place where all kinds of immune cells develop, differentiate and mature.
Bone marrow: it is a hematopoietic organ containing hematopoietic stem cells. It is the place where various blood cells and immune cells develop and differentiate.
Thymus: it is the place where T cells differentiate and mature.
Peripheral immune organ
Peripheral immune organ is the place where lymphocytes settle, proliferate and produce immune response.
(1) lymph node: it is a place for T cells and B cells to settle and proliferate. Its main function is to produce a specific immune response base and complete the main place for lymphocyte recycling; filtration.
(2) spleen: the largest immune organ in the body, the place where T cells and B cells settle, the base of specific immune response, and one of the main places where the body produces antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes.
(3) other lymphoid tissues and organs: mainly refer to tonsil, appendix, digestive tract, urogenital tract, skin epidermis and dermis.
2 immune cells
Immune cells: cells involved in immune response or immune response.
(1) T cells: pluripotent stem cells derived from bone marrow, which differentiate and mature into T cells under the influence of thymosin and thymus.
(2) B cells: pluripotent stem cells originated from bone marrow, which are differentiated and mature in bone marrow. After being stimulated by foreign antigens, they activate, proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies. They are the main cells for humoral immunity.
(3) NK cells: pluripotent stem cells derived from bone marrow can directly kill tumor cells and virus infected cells, and participate in transplantation rejection; produce immune factors and regulate immune response.
(4) Mononuclear phagocytes: pluripotent stem cells derived from bone marrow. Their functions include phagocytosis, antigen presentation, synthesis and secretion of immune factors.
3 immune factors
Immune factors are small peptides and glycoproteins related to immunity.
(1) Interleukin
(2) Colony stimulating factor
(3) Interferon
(4) Tumor necrosis factor
The immune system has three functions
Resistance - when encountering the invasion of foreign things, the immune cells will emit an antibody, which is just like the bullets and shells fired by soldiers, killing the enemy and keeping us healthy.
Elimination - immune cells will remove waste from the body, such as the enemy's corpse, aging dead cells, foreign impurities, etc.; sweat and spitting out sputum belong to this category.
Repair - immune cells will also repair damaged tissues. For example, if a finger is accidentally cut by a knife, we will find that the wound has healed within a few days, which is the result of "repair work" by immune cells.
3、 Immune response
Specific immune response
Specific immunity to a microorganism or foreign body, including cellular immunity and humoral immunity, is produced by antigen stimulation.
Nonspecific immune response
(1) phagocytosis: foreign bodies such as pathogenic microorganisms can be gradually phagocytized by neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes existing in different parts of the body after invading the tissue through the skin or mucosa.
(2) cytotoxic effect:
① Activate the cytotoxic effect of macrophages.
② Cytotoxic effect of armed macrophages.
③ Antibody mediated cytotoxicity.
4、 Immune enhancing food
1 protein
Protein is the main component of leukocytes and antibodies. Severe protein deficiency will reduce the number of lymphocytes in immune cells, resulting in a serious decline in immune function.
2 lipids
(1) the lack or deficiency of fatty acids will shrink the lymphoid tissue and reduce the response to TD or Ti antigens.
(2) essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid are the most important basic nutrients and functional components to maintain the immune system.
(3) cholesterol is an essential component for lymphocyte function.
3 carbohydrates
The active polysaccharides extracted from fungi and plants can significantly improve the resistance and defense ability of the body, strengthen the immune function, and assist in inhibiting tumor.
Probiotics such as functional oligosaccharides and lactobacillus can regulate intestinal flora, promote cell division and produce humoral and cellular immunity, which has the effect of activating immunity and anti-tumor.
4 vitamins
（1） Vitamin C
Vitamin C can help you prevent a variety of diseases, there is a small cure for cold is to drink hot orange juice. Although vitamin C exists in many fruits and vegetables, it is necessary to supplement some vitamin C every day because it is not heat-resistant and will lose a lot in cooking.
(2) Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 can promote the oxidation and decomposition of fatty acids into mitochondria, improve the oxidation rate of fat, reduce the consumption of glycogen, and also delay fatigue, so as to improve the body's tolerance and immunity under fatigue, and protect the stability of immune cells. Vitamin B6 has been widely used as a safe and effective functional factor of burning fat and anti fatigue.
(3) Vitamin E
Vitamin E can be used to improve human immunity and resist diseases, which has long been known by the public. More than 1 / 3 of people in western developed countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, take a certain amount of natural vitamin E every day for disease prevention and health care. SARS is widely spread in 27 countries around the world. Due to the lack of specific antiviral drugs, taking vitamin E to improve the human body's immunity is a very important self-protection measure. Reduce the risk and probability of serious bacterial infection. As a natural antioxidant, VE can promote skin tissue metabolism, beautify skin and delay aging.
(4) Vitamin C
Vitamin C is necessary to maintain the immune function of human body. White blood cells are rich in vitamin C, the amount of which increases with the increase of intake.
5 mineral elements
(1) zinc can directly stimulate thymocytes to proliferate, increase the secretion of thymosin and maintain the integrity of cellular immunity.
(2) iron deficiency can damage the immune function, reduce the number of T cells, and weaken the killing power of tumor.
(3) copper can enhance the phagocytic function of neutrophils. Copper deficiency can inhibit the mononuclear phagocytic system, reduce the bactericidal activity of neutrophils, and increase the susceptibility to microorganisms.
(4) selenium has a wide range of immunomodulatory effects. Selenium deficiency can affect non-specific immunity, severely inhibit the neutrophil movement and weaken the bactericidal ability.
