4、 Dietary nutrients
Hypertension is a common and frequently occurring disease. Its occurrence and development are affected by many factors, such as heredity, race, gender, diet, environment and so on. Epidemiological and clinical nutrition studies have found that dietary structure has an important relationship with the occurrence and development of hypertension. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the relationship between different nutrients and hypertension to prevent the occurrence of hypertension and the auxiliary treatment of hypertension.
（1） Sodium and hypertension
The relationship between the physiological function of sodium and hypertension
The relationship between sodium and hypertension is now very clear. A large number of studies have shown that excessive sodium intake is the main cause of hypertension. * excessive intake of sodium leads to sodium retention in the body, while sodium mainly exists outside the cell, which increases the osmotic pressure of the cells and moves the water outward. The increase of blood volume will lead to the increase of cardiac blood volume and blood pressure. The intake of sodium was positively correlated with the incidence of hypertension and stroke. In addition, excessive sodium will make platelets function hyperactivity, produce coagulation phenomenon, and then cause thrombus to block blood vessels.
The harm of high sodium to health
Although the mortality caused by hypertension alone is not high, it always evolves into stroke and dies in the later stage of hypertension. Salt is also closely related to the incidence rate of gastric cancer. A large amount of salt intake will produce serious corrosion to the gastric mucosa. People with high dietary salt content are prone to atrophic gastritis, which is a precancerous lesion of gastric cancer. The intake of salt is positively correlated with the mortality of gastric cancer.
Reducing the intake of salt can not only prevent hypertension, reduce the mortality of stroke caused by hypertension, but also reduce the mortality of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer caused by sodium salt. But we should not limit the supply of necessary sodium because of the harm of high sodium, because low sodium will also cause harm to the body. The early symptoms of sodium deficiency are not obvious. When the loss of sodium in human body reaches 0.75 ～
When the weight is 1.2g/kg, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, accelerated heart rate, weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, muscle spasm and disappearance of pain reaction may occur, leading to apathy, stupor, coma, shock and acute renal failure.
（2） Potassium, calcium, magnesium and hypertension
Potassium and hypertension
A slightly higher concentration of potassium will reduce the receptor of Angiotension, making the blood vessels not easy to contract, thus reducing blood pressure. At the same time, potassium is closely related to sodium. Although sodium intake is the most important factor in determining blood pressure, the change of sodium / potassium ratio in diet can also affect blood pressure under certain circumstances. When sodium salt is limited, if the concentration of potassium in blood is too low, potassium salt should be supplemented in time. The effect of limiting sodium salt to supplement potassium salt is better than limiting blood pressure alone. Many low sodium salts contain potassium salt.
Calcium and hypertension
Calcium is one of the most well-known minerals that can help strengthen teeth and bones. Modern medicine has found that the level of calcium has a certain relationship with hypertension. Clinical treatment has found that patients with primary hypertension and osteoporosis have stable blood pressure after taking calcium and vitamin D. Many people reduce the dosage of antihypertensive drugs, and even stop using antihypertensive drugs in patients with early mild hypertension.
Calcium has a wide range of physiological functions. Epidemiological and some experimental studies have found that hypertension can be caused by calcium deficiency. However, whether calcium is a pressor or depressor remains controversial.
Magnesium and hypertension
Magnesium has the function of regulating blood pressure. The content of magnesium in drinking water of different residential areas in China was determined. It was found that the content of magnesium in drinking water was negatively correlated with hypertension and arteriosclerotic heart disease. It has been reported that magnesium can reduce blood pressure, while magnesium deficiency can reduce the effect of antihypertensive drugs. Cerebral vessels are most sensitive to hypomagnesemia. Stroke may be related to hypomagnesemia in serum, brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Magnesium ensures that potassium enters the cell and prevents calcium and sodium from entering. Thus, the effects of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium on the cardiovascular system are interrelated.
（3） Protein, fat, vitamin, dietary fiber and hypertension
Protein and hypertension
Moderate intake of protein. In the past, low protein diet was emphasized, but at present, except for those with chronic renal insufficiency, it is generally not necessary to strictly limit the intake of protein. It is advisable for hypertensive patients to take 1g protein per kilogram of body weight per day. For example, people with 60kg body weight should take 60g protein per day. Among them, plant protein should account for 50%, and soybean protein is the best. Although soybean protein has no antihypertensive effect, it can prevent the occurrence of stroke, which may be related to the composition of amino acids in soybean protein. Fish protein should be eaten 2-3 times a week, which can improve the elasticity and permeability of blood vessels, increase the excretion of urine and sodium, so as to reduce blood pressure. In addition, we should often eat tyrosine rich substances, such as skim milk, sour milk, milk tofu, sea fish, etc.
2. Fat and hypertension
Excessive intake of fat in diet, especially high saturated fat in animals, will lead to excess energy of the body, make the body fat, increase of blood lipid, increase of viscosity coefficient of blood, increase of resistance of peripheral blood vessels, and thus increase of blood pressure. Unsaturated fatty acids can oxidize cholesterol, reduce plasma cholesterol, prolong platelet aggregation, inhibit thrombosis and prevent stroke. Animal experiments showed that the level of linoleic acid in the serum of patients with hypertension was significantly higher than that of those who ate a lot of animal food, indicating that the mechanism of animal food pressure rise may be related to the relative lack of linoleic acid.
3 vitamins and hypertension
Vitamin C can improve the elasticity of blood vessels, resist peripheral resistance, and have certain antihypertensive effect. It can also delay the occurrence of vascular sclerosis caused by hypertension and prevent the occurrence of vascular rupture and bleeding. The antioxidant effect of vitamin E can stabilize the structure of cell membrane, inhibit the aggregation of platelets, and prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis. B vitamins are beneficial for improving lipid metabolism and protecting the structure and function of blood vessels.
Dietary fiber and hypertension
Dietary fiber is a kind of complex compound from plants, which has many physiological functions. It mainly affects the metabolism of cholesterol, because dietary fiber in intestine can inhibit the absorption of cholesterol. The study found that every 1% decrease in serum cholesterol can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by 2%. Animal experiments show that corn straw, such as wheat straw, can reduce atherosclerosis in rabbits, and pectin can prevent atherosclerosis in chickens. The degree of atherosclerosis is closely related to coronary heart disease.
In addition, some trace elements are closely related to the blood pressure. The composition and neurotransmission of some enzymes are inseparable from the participation of trace elements, and the regulation of blood pressure is no exception. For example, selenium can reduce blood pressure; cadmium can raise blood pressure and increase lipid deposition in the aortic wall; copper deficiency can cause damage to the inner wall of blood vessels and increase the total cholesterol in the blood.
5、 The preventive effect of good living habits on hypertension
Quit smoking and drink in moderation
The results showed that the increase of serum cholesterol and LDL, the decrease of HDL, the increase of platelet adhesiveness, the increase of aggregation and the shortening of coagulation time could promote the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Nicotine can excite the sympathetic nerve, release catecholamine, change the cardiovascular function and metabolism, which is manifested by the obvious increase of adrenaline in the plasma after smoking, the spasm of peripheral blood vessels and coronary arteries, the rise of blood pressure, and the acceleration of heart rate. Therefore, quitting smoking is a necessary measure to prevent hypertension.
Although studies have shown that drinking a small amount of alcohol can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, drinking alcohol has a linear relationship with blood pressure level and the prevalence of hypertension. Therefore, it is suggested that patients with hypertension should abstain from drinking, and the normal people should limit their drinking to avoid excessive drinking for a long time.
Take part in more sports
Proper sports can relax the spirit, relieve the tension of brain, regulate the mood and release potassium from muscle cells. Walking can increase potassium concentration in plasma by 0.3-0.4mmol/l, moderate exercise can increase potassium concentration by 0.7-1.2mmol/l, extreme exercise can increase potassium concentration by 2.0mmol/l. Exercise increases the concentration of local potassium. Its special physiological significance lies in its role of expanding blood vessels, increasing blood flow and providing energy. At the same time, exercise can reduce platelet aggregation and blood viscosity, control body weight, reduce blood lipid, prevent atherosclerosis, stabilize blood pressure and reduce blood sugar. The way and amount of exercise should be determined according to personal conditions. In order to achieve disease-free prevention, disease delay deterioration, prolong life, improve the quality of life. Project options: stair climbing, walking, jogging, in situ running, cycling, qigong, Taijiquan, dancing, etc. It is better to sweat a little, to breathe more and to pulse less than 110 times / min. If fatigue is not easy to recover, breathing is difficult and gait is not stable after exercise, the amount of exercise should be reduced. Do not take a hot bath after exercise. Take a warm bath after a 15 minute rest. Wear proper clothes and keep warm. Cold, fever should be suspended from exercise, to avoid competitive sports.
3. Avoid over tension and keep in a good mood
In today's society, competition is increasingly fierce, which makes people live in a highly tense environment. Anxiety or mental tension is a common emotional response of human beings. No matter men, women, old and young, they may feel anxious, nervous or uneasy in the face of difficulties, pressures or uncertain situations, which is normal and beneficial, because this kind of response can improve their vigilance and sense of crisis, so that they can deal with challenges more quickly and effectively. However, over tension or long-term tension and anxiety can easily lead to dysfunction of cerebral cortex, affect sympathetic nerve and adrenaline, accelerate heart contraction, and increase blood pressure. Therefore, we must always keep a balanced mind, give people a healthy image, but also good for physical and mental health.
Substances with the function of assisting in lowering blood pressure
As a common disease with low cure rate and high disability rate, hypertension brings certain tension and fear to people's life and work. However, if we keep a good diet and living habits, hypertension can be prevented.
1、 Soybean oligopeptide
（1） The main components are short chain polypeptides composed of 2-10 amino acids and a small amount of free amino acids. （2） Properties: white to yellowish powder, no bean smell, no protein denaturation, no precipitation in case of acid, no solidification in case of heat, soluble in water. （3） Physiological function reduces blood pressure. Inhibition of the activity of ace can prevent the vasoconstriction of vascular endings, so as to reduce blood pressure. （4） The preparation method is made from soybean meal or soybean protein isolate which is hydrolyzed by protease and separated by membrane to remove macromolecular peptide and non hydrolyzed protein and then refined and dried. The general yield is 30% (soybean meal material) to 40% (protein isolate material).
2、 Eucommia leaves extract
（1） The main components are syringin and eucommia acid glycoside.
（2） Physiological function reduces blood pressure.
（3） In this method, the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv are heated in 100 ℃ hot water for 10min, taken out, dried for standby, or directly chopped and extracted with water-containing ethanol. The extract is filtered, vacuum concentrated and freeze-dried to 10% - 15% water content.
（4） Security
LD50 > 5.64g/kg (rat, oral).
3、 Rutin (extract)
（1） The main component is a gametophyte. The glycosides were quercetin, rhamnose and glucose.
（2） Character yellow small needle crystal, or light yellow to yellow green crystalline powder, with special aroma. The color turns dark when encountering light, with bitter taste. Melting point 177-178 ℃. Soluble in hot ethanol and hot propylene glycol, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in water, soluble in alkaline water solution.
（2） Physiological function can help to reduce blood pressure.
（3） The extraction can be obtained by extracting various raw materials with water or hot ethanol. After concentration, other soluble impurities can be removed with solvent, and then high purity substances can be obtained by recrystallization with ethanol, ether, hot methanol and hot water and refining with active carbon.
（4） Security
LD50 > 950mg / kg (mouse, oral).
